Risk Quantification

How to calculate ALE in cyber security: an SLE, ARO and exposure-factor table, two worked examples, the formula’s limits, and a calculator to run yours.

Single loss expectancy (SLE) is the cost of one incident: Asset Value × Exposure Factor. E.g. $500,000 × 0.4 = $200,000. ALE = SLE × ARO, per year.

Data breach cost is more than the ransom or fine. A breakdown of the direct and indirect costs, what moves the number, and how to estimate yours.

A practical framework for estimating the total cost of a data breach — direct and indirect categories including response, notification, legal, downtime, churn and fines — without relying on invented figures.

A cyber insurance comparison built entirely on cited primary sources — NAIC, Aon, Marsh, NetDiligence and Coalition’s own claims data — instead of the invented per-control discount formulas most comparison articles repeat without a source.